Cinema Viewfinder: Movie Review: Dark Shadows (2012)
it's very nice.
2012年5月29日星期二
2012年5月23日星期三
Diamond tools inside the application should pay attention to?
1. before having a new Dresser, exit in the last finished feed. Many quality crisp diamond dressing tools, talking to the wheel in the beginning, can be easily damaged.
2. tilt angle 10-15 ° diamond dressing tools installed so that it points to the direction of rotation of the wheel.
3. firmly mounted dresser or clamping the trimming tools, tool head pendant shall not too much time.
4. in may cases, to work with cooling liquid. Entire repair time, and emery wheel experience of the coolant pour dressing tools.
5. the dressing in the beginning of, starting from the best point from the wheel, usually to the core wheel.
6. takes note of minor addition of. Maximum depth of subject, for coarse adjustment, inter alia: 0.001-0.002 inches. For intensive subject: 0.0005 to 0.001 inch.
7. Select the appropriate lateral movement according to the relevant manual. Horizontal moving slower (on a allow scale), use of lower the outer lining roughness in emery wheel.
8. should be inside the specified time interval on the dressing of emery wheel to avoid wheel blunt, the grinding force increases.
9. from the specified time interval, knife clip trimming tool, rotate the one-eighth ring, to help keep the dressing tools will almost always be sharp.
10. When diamond Dresser blunt or tools or clearly in peacetime, needs to be adjusted and replaced promptly.
11. In line with the diameter measurements the grinding wheel, diamond CARAT weight selection (content of pure diamond), larger diameter of emery wheel, select larger diamond CARAT value.
Attention
1. Whenever you place the first holder of diamond dressing tools, careful never to hit the outer lining of emery wheel.
2. no point diamond dressing wheel Center vertically alignment tools head, normally tilt of 10-15 °.
3. heat dressing tools to never be "quenched" (meaning sudden cold). In the event the dry dressing, must maintain the two trimming interval of their time, enough to create the fever of dressing tools cooling.
4. cannot assume that the wheel contains the ideal flat on the surface. When you start trimming, obtain the location in the highest point in the wheel, trim.
5. If at all, every wheel repair also, no greater than 0.001 inches within the radius in the wheel. Addition of huge amount could cause premature wear of diamond dressing tools and infrequently broken.
6. and not every addition towards allowance is just too small. For old or poor rigidity can not be officially used on a unit tool emery wheel dressing.
7. awareness of trimming cannot stay in one place a long time time. This will make the symptoms polishing wheel, producing high temperatures and damage the diamond dressing tools. Rotating dressing tool at least one time each day.
8. not being depreciation or damage the trim tool. Is always to adjust or replace it.
9. the lack rough trimming would be to select an overhaul along with mass and transverse feed rate too quickly, after which select when finishing trim repairs along with volume and slow Traverse feed rate. This may quickly damage diamonds dressing tools. If possible, it is suggested that after rough finishing and fine finishing, simply select the same transverse feed rate.
2. tilt angle 10-15 ° diamond dressing tools installed so that it points to the direction of rotation of the wheel.
3. firmly mounted dresser or clamping the trimming tools, tool head pendant shall not too much time.
4. in may cases, to work with cooling liquid. Entire repair time, and emery wheel experience of the coolant pour dressing tools.
5. the dressing in the beginning of, starting from the best point from the wheel, usually to the core wheel.
6. takes note of minor addition of. Maximum depth of subject, for coarse adjustment, inter alia: 0.001-0.002 inches. For intensive subject: 0.0005 to 0.001 inch.
7. Select the appropriate lateral movement according to the relevant manual. Horizontal moving slower (on a allow scale), use of lower the outer lining roughness in emery wheel.
8. should be inside the specified time interval on the dressing of emery wheel to avoid wheel blunt, the grinding force increases.
9. from the specified time interval, knife clip trimming tool, rotate the one-eighth ring, to help keep the dressing tools will almost always be sharp.
10. When diamond Dresser blunt or tools or clearly in peacetime, needs to be adjusted and replaced promptly.
11. In line with the diameter measurements the grinding wheel, diamond CARAT weight selection (content of pure diamond), larger diameter of emery wheel, select larger diamond CARAT value.
Attention
1. Whenever you place the first holder of diamond dressing tools, careful never to hit the outer lining of emery wheel.
2. no point diamond dressing wheel Center vertically alignment tools head, normally tilt of 10-15 °.
3. heat dressing tools to never be "quenched" (meaning sudden cold). In the event the dry dressing, must maintain the two trimming interval of their time, enough to create the fever of dressing tools cooling.
4. cannot assume that the wheel contains the ideal flat on the surface. When you start trimming, obtain the location in the highest point in the wheel, trim.
5. If at all, every wheel repair also, no greater than 0.001 inches within the radius in the wheel. Addition of huge amount could cause premature wear of diamond dressing tools and infrequently broken.
6. and not every addition towards allowance is just too small. For old or poor rigidity can not be officially used on a unit tool emery wheel dressing.
7. awareness of trimming cannot stay in one place a long time time. This will make the symptoms polishing wheel, producing high temperatures and damage the diamond dressing tools. Rotating dressing tool at least one time each day.
8. not being depreciation or damage the trim tool. Is always to adjust or replace it.
9. the lack rough trimming would be to select an overhaul along with mass and transverse feed rate too quickly, after which select when finishing trim repairs along with volume and slow Traverse feed rate. This may quickly damage diamonds dressing tools. If possible, it is suggested that after rough finishing and fine finishing, simply select the same transverse feed rate.
Diamond tools tips on how to improve
Diamond cutters include the most frequent sorts of cutting tools, basically with the matrix and diamond tool consisting of two parts, really easy, many manufacturers will work regarding how to improve the Diamond cutter. Compressor of the very lots of applications, a compressor is normally consisting of hundreds or 1000s of components, complex manufacturing process, technical requirements. So that you can match the production needs of the numerous parts, tooling and fixture is very important to reasonably designed with, in order to meet certain requirements of good, fast, and has to be improved and also on several diamond cutting tools and tooling design. Give three examples below:
Improvement, straight shank end milling cutter
2Cr13 chromium steel material in the packed Chamber, face width 12mm, dark 20mm, 200mm diameter ring groove. Initially using §? made 12 straight shank end mills for broadband steel processing, deep 5mm, processing and adhesion of diamond chip is below 5 minutes within the milling cutters, deteriorating cutting, milling cutter edge collapse, tool change frequently in the process, efficiency is incredibly low, machining a diamond ring groove to 150 minutes. Use after Japan's Mitsubishi diamond carbide milling cutter, although the performance is superior to for the former, but chip chip-stacking capacity there is tank problem, when automatic processing at the processing center, edge collapse, and even the tool appears broken.
Saw blades production utilizing the same cutter. Saw blade manufacturing process may be relatively backward, improved results over the years is tiny, no breakthroughs recently, after higher than a year of research and development because of the Eastern industrial automation limited, production of CNC gear drive devices, production pictures progress on saw blade technology, its device term for the saw blade automatic open CNC gear hobbing machine (CNC gear opened presses). Figure
Saw open effect of tooth-CNC turret punch press, high precision, small cuts better, equipment investment, high production efficiency, replace the automated mechanical punching machine, well suited for large batch line use. High penetration of automation, saving labor and improve yield.
Second, improvement of milling flange diamond tools
Spiral tooth clutch one-way shape to spiral end face structure, torsional moment of which passed itself off only when it's above a certain value, also referred to as safety clutch. Around the miller processing of the most extremely widely used technique is a technique for dividing head gear, calculated based on the lead change, configure the appropriate implementation of change between head and table piece uniform rotation and uniform motion, thus processing the Archimedes curved surfaces. Tool selection ф 8~ ф 10 State milling knife, on knife Shi necessary to Diamond milling knife cutting edged and workpiece axis phase cut, operation Shi tool fell to requirements depth Hou, min of handles insert min of Board hole within, shake min of handles 20 ring, in min of head rotating of while, table for longitudinal into to, makes workpiece for composite movement, are spiral slot; elevation tool, reverse turns min of head handles 20 ring, pull bolt, continues to shake min of handles 20 ring, insert bolt, and repeat above steps processing another a spiral slot.
These costly processing methods, and cannot be processed prior to drawings, stop at your tooth root Cutter radius. Need manual repair file root part keeps its R0.5, low efficiency, accuracy is just not guaranteed. This phenomenon, mcdougal after careful analysis, and using CAD-aided design, thought we would complete the initial tooling and tooling improvements. Theoretical calculation of diamond cutlery angles, shape, over, also has begun to consider shape, required is the place to processing tool.
On reflection, I personally use existing universal tool and Cutter Grinder for machining of workplace, ф 22 domestic broadband steel in spiral taper shank endmill with restructuring, front first grinding milling cutter, tyrannize tapered, single slope of 8 °. So grinding angle, enhances the chip capacity slot space, avoid more quick milling passes diamond chip stacking behavior occurs. As soon as the last operation was sharpening angle, angle is just too big small you can't start cutting pieces, therefore it is simple increase the risk for tool cutting edge break. Processing just for this tool, point after selecting 8 ° after ' quality 45# steel, try straight cutting effect is right, very smooth if the knife cuts deep 10MM.
Structure principle of three, tooling,
Its main part screw, right-handed helical teeth. Its working principle is always to turn hand wheel and drive the screw dextrorotation, helical gears for counter clockwise (based on the stress analysis of helical gear, levorotation, axial force f up), arrived a lead concurrently a week, simple structure and easy.
Tool after installation on milling machine spindle, vertical milling head turn clockwise to tug 7.5 °, level clamping tooling to milling machine working bench, where parts fit. After trying obtain the effect is shocking, the entire spiral flange process took only 5 minutes to accomplish, more cost-effective compared to original 5 times times, tool our life is the initial twice times, achieved once in most 200 grinding machining innovative, reuse tools approximately 10 times fully stick to the drawings and aspects of the standards. Ahead of that, spiral flange have try in three-axis machining vertical machining center with ball-end milling cutters (milling cutter machining helicoids interference), not really a longer processing time, and left the tool Nose Radius with the tooth root, governed by secondary processing.
Improvement, straight shank end milling cutter
2Cr13 chromium steel material in the packed Chamber, face width 12mm, dark 20mm, 200mm diameter ring groove. Initially using §? made 12 straight shank end mills for broadband steel processing, deep 5mm, processing and adhesion of diamond chip is below 5 minutes within the milling cutters, deteriorating cutting, milling cutter edge collapse, tool change frequently in the process, efficiency is incredibly low, machining a diamond ring groove to 150 minutes. Use after Japan's Mitsubishi diamond carbide milling cutter, although the performance is superior to for the former, but chip chip-stacking capacity there is tank problem, when automatic processing at the processing center, edge collapse, and even the tool appears broken.
Saw blades production utilizing the same cutter. Saw blade manufacturing process may be relatively backward, improved results over the years is tiny, no breakthroughs recently, after higher than a year of research and development because of the Eastern industrial automation limited, production of CNC gear drive devices, production pictures progress on saw blade technology, its device term for the saw blade automatic open CNC gear hobbing machine (CNC gear opened presses). Figure
Saw open effect of tooth-CNC turret punch press, high precision, small cuts better, equipment investment, high production efficiency, replace the automated mechanical punching machine, well suited for large batch line use. High penetration of automation, saving labor and improve yield.
Second, improvement of milling flange diamond tools
Spiral tooth clutch one-way shape to spiral end face structure, torsional moment of which passed itself off only when it's above a certain value, also referred to as safety clutch. Around the miller processing of the most extremely widely used technique is a technique for dividing head gear, calculated based on the lead change, configure the appropriate implementation of change between head and table piece uniform rotation and uniform motion, thus processing the Archimedes curved surfaces. Tool selection ф 8~ ф 10 State milling knife, on knife Shi necessary to Diamond milling knife cutting edged and workpiece axis phase cut, operation Shi tool fell to requirements depth Hou, min of handles insert min of Board hole within, shake min of handles 20 ring, in min of head rotating of while, table for longitudinal into to, makes workpiece for composite movement, are spiral slot; elevation tool, reverse turns min of head handles 20 ring, pull bolt, continues to shake min of handles 20 ring, insert bolt, and repeat above steps processing another a spiral slot.
These costly processing methods, and cannot be processed prior to drawings, stop at your tooth root Cutter radius. Need manual repair file root part keeps its R0.5, low efficiency, accuracy is just not guaranteed. This phenomenon, mcdougal after careful analysis, and using CAD-aided design, thought we would complete the initial tooling and tooling improvements. Theoretical calculation of diamond cutlery angles, shape, over, also has begun to consider shape, required is the place to processing tool.
On reflection, I personally use existing universal tool and Cutter Grinder for machining of workplace, ф 22 domestic broadband steel in spiral taper shank endmill with restructuring, front first grinding milling cutter, tyrannize tapered, single slope of 8 °. So grinding angle, enhances the chip capacity slot space, avoid more quick milling passes diamond chip stacking behavior occurs. As soon as the last operation was sharpening angle, angle is just too big small you can't start cutting pieces, therefore it is simple increase the risk for tool cutting edge break. Processing just for this tool, point after selecting 8 ° after ' quality 45# steel, try straight cutting effect is right, very smooth if the knife cuts deep 10MM.
Structure principle of three, tooling,
Its main part screw, right-handed helical teeth. Its working principle is always to turn hand wheel and drive the screw dextrorotation, helical gears for counter clockwise (based on the stress analysis of helical gear, levorotation, axial force f up), arrived a lead concurrently a week, simple structure and easy.
Tool after installation on milling machine spindle, vertical milling head turn clockwise to tug 7.5 °, level clamping tooling to milling machine working bench, where parts fit. After trying obtain the effect is shocking, the entire spiral flange process took only 5 minutes to accomplish, more cost-effective compared to original 5 times times, tool our life is the initial twice times, achieved once in most 200 grinding machining innovative, reuse tools approximately 10 times fully stick to the drawings and aspects of the standards. Ahead of that, spiral flange have try in three-axis machining vertical machining center with ball-end milling cutters (milling cutter machining helicoids interference), not really a longer processing time, and left the tool Nose Radius with the tooth root, governed by secondary processing.
General knowledge of diamond cutter
Before user inside the selection and use of diamond coated cutting tools, you will need to understand the subsequent several points regarding the diamond-coated tools common sense:
(1) Difference between CVD diamond-coated with amorphous diamond coating?
Amorphous diamond (generally known as diamond-like carbon--photograph) coating can be a carbon film deposition using the PVD process. It has both section of SP3 diamond, and part of SP2 carbon; a higher film hardness, but under the hardness of diamond-like carbon film; its thickness is thinner than we usually deposited diamond film. When processing graphite, amorphous diamond coating cutlery life usually are not 2-3 x the coated cemented carbide tool. By contrast, CVD diamond can be a pure diamond coatings deposition while using the CVD process, is the tool lifetime of cemented carbide cutting tools in machining graphite 12-20, so that you can reduce tool change times, increase the reliability, consistency and accuracy of processing.
(2) No machining of hardened steel with diamond tool?
Diamonds are formed from carbon atoms. Some material when heated, will aspirate carbon atoms in diamond and form carbides inside workpiece. Iron is just one of such materials. Whenever using diamond tool machining of iron materials, friction heat generated will spread for the carbon atoms of iron in diamond, which caused early failure as a result of chemical wear of diamond coating.
(3) heavy grinding and (or) heavy coating of diamond film coated tools quality challenging maintain because of the tool surface coating for pure diamond, diamond grinding wheels for cutter Regrinding needs a number of years. Furthermore, make it possible for the development of diamond cutting tools. Chemical properties in the preparation process will change the tool surface, due to the coating requires very precise control on the chemical characteristics, effect of cutter coated again can hardly be guaranteed.
(4) the life span of diamond coated cutting tools vary?
As with every other tool, diamond coated cutting tool life expectancy varies, dependant upon cutting materials, number of cutting speed and feed rate, and also the geometry of the workpiece. In the main, graphite machining carbide tools coated with diamond coated cutting tool life's not 10-20, in some instances even longer. In this way, you can do nearly every task processing by having a tool, no tool wear and tool change, avoid processing interrupt and recalibrate, rendering it possible to offer the unattended processing. Inside the processing of composite materials, may also get yourself a longer tool life.
It can be reported that in processing high density fiberglass, when machining composite materials like graphite and Gl0-FR4, of diamond coated cutting tools which aren't coated cemented carbide tool life can be as high as 70 times.
(5) coated with diamond peeling on the coating can prevent peeling is really a significant issue of diamond coated cutting tools, or a faqs (particularly machining materials such as carbon fibre), will result in tool own life is hard to forecast. Late 90 'of the past century, surface chemistry characteristics were identified as is a factor influencing the performance of diamond-like carbon coating adhesion. By choosing the good compatibility of pretreatment of cemented carbide chemical characteristics, the employment of appropriate technology and sedimentary respond to reasonable conditions, it is possible to reduce or remove the diamond coating peeling, stability of steady wear pattern. Within microscope observation of normal depreciation of diamond coated cutting tools come in, diamond was worn before cemented carbide substrate by stability, without edge collapse or slack.
(1) Difference between CVD diamond-coated with amorphous diamond coating?
Amorphous diamond (generally known as diamond-like carbon--photograph) coating can be a carbon film deposition using the PVD process. It has both section of SP3 diamond, and part of SP2 carbon; a higher film hardness, but under the hardness of diamond-like carbon film; its thickness is thinner than we usually deposited diamond film. When processing graphite, amorphous diamond coating cutlery life usually are not 2-3 x the coated cemented carbide tool. By contrast, CVD diamond can be a pure diamond coatings deposition while using the CVD process, is the tool lifetime of cemented carbide cutting tools in machining graphite 12-20, so that you can reduce tool change times, increase the reliability, consistency and accuracy of processing.
(2) No machining of hardened steel with diamond tool?
Diamonds are formed from carbon atoms. Some material when heated, will aspirate carbon atoms in diamond and form carbides inside workpiece. Iron is just one of such materials. Whenever using diamond tool machining of iron materials, friction heat generated will spread for the carbon atoms of iron in diamond, which caused early failure as a result of chemical wear of diamond coating.
(3) heavy grinding and (or) heavy coating of diamond film coated tools quality challenging maintain because of the tool surface coating for pure diamond, diamond grinding wheels for cutter Regrinding needs a number of years. Furthermore, make it possible for the development of diamond cutting tools. Chemical properties in the preparation process will change the tool surface, due to the coating requires very precise control on the chemical characteristics, effect of cutter coated again can hardly be guaranteed.
(4) the life span of diamond coated cutting tools vary?
As with every other tool, diamond coated cutting tool life expectancy varies, dependant upon cutting materials, number of cutting speed and feed rate, and also the geometry of the workpiece. In the main, graphite machining carbide tools coated with diamond coated cutting tool life's not 10-20, in some instances even longer. In this way, you can do nearly every task processing by having a tool, no tool wear and tool change, avoid processing interrupt and recalibrate, rendering it possible to offer the unattended processing. Inside the processing of composite materials, may also get yourself a longer tool life.
It can be reported that in processing high density fiberglass, when machining composite materials like graphite and Gl0-FR4, of diamond coated cutting tools which aren't coated cemented carbide tool life can be as high as 70 times.
(5) coated with diamond peeling on the coating can prevent peeling is really a significant issue of diamond coated cutting tools, or a faqs (particularly machining materials such as carbon fibre), will result in tool own life is hard to forecast. Late 90 'of the past century, surface chemistry characteristics were identified as is a factor influencing the performance of diamond-like carbon coating adhesion. By choosing the good compatibility of pretreatment of cemented carbide chemical characteristics, the employment of appropriate technology and sedimentary respond to reasonable conditions, it is possible to reduce or remove the diamond coating peeling, stability of steady wear pattern. Within microscope observation of normal depreciation of diamond coated cutting tools come in, diamond was worn before cemented carbide substrate by stability, without edge collapse or slack.
Classification of diamond cutlery
Natural diamond (ND) tool
Vines for diamond peak, that's this characteristics:
(1) spike shows we have a diamond.
(2) the wave amplitude (FWHM) 4.1cm-1
Seems as a pure diamond. ND may be the hardest known mineral substances, mainly employed in the preparation of Cutter tool. Following your fine grinding of natural diamond cutter edge radius as high as 0.01~0.002μm. Natural single crystal diamond (Single Crystalline Diamond,SCD) technologically advanced part of the tool power 1500 times times but nevertheless towards the edge smooth. SCD turning of aluminum piston Ra can reach 4μm, and beneath same cutting conditions using PCD tool when machining the outer lining roughness of Ra for 15~50μm. SCD tool joined with precision and ultraprecision machining precision lathe, mirror surface can be obtained.
Polycrystalline diamond (PCD) tool
PCD adopted under conditions of heat and super high pressure cobalt gathered metal bond diamond powder sintered polycrystalline materials synthesis, also known as sintered diamond. Whole sintering of polycrystalline diamond tool cutter, milling, grain is often a random arrangement of PCD are isotropic, uniform hardness, graphitization temperature of 550 ° c. Tool with high hardness, high thermal conductivity, low thermal expansion coefficient, low coefficient of friction and high coefficient of elasticity. Blade is very sharp and so on.
Artificial polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) tool
To reinforce PCD blade toughness and weldability, PCD and carbide knives made from artificial polycrystalline diamond composite Blade (PDc). Cemented carbide substrate with pressed 0.5~1mm thick layer on its surface formed by sintering PCD. Flexural strength of composite blades with carbide, hardness near to PCD, can be an alternative to PCD. PCD and artificial polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) tool for sharp edges and processing with the workpiece surface quality than ND. While doing so their poor machinability, grinding than small, difficult under some of the geometric model of the. Currently using artificial polycrystalline diamond composite preparation tool could only still cannot be made indexable blade with chip breaker grooves and complex 3d surface geometry milling cutters.
CVD diamond thick film (TDF) welding tool
Welding of diamond thick film cutting tools are great CVD diamond thick film laser cut welded on the substrate (typically cemented carbide to the k class), occurance of PDC and polishing compound, welded to the body with the second time, grinding into the required shape and leading edge. Figure 3 (a) below, and CVD diamond thick films (diamond-like carbon film thickness up to 30μm), rich in hardness, wear resistance, low friction characteristics, is right material for cutting non-ferrous metal and non-metal tool manufacturing. Because of diamond welding technology complex, CVD diamond thick film (TDF) welding tool will never be high-volume applications.
Diamond coated cutting tools
Diamond-coated tools are directly within the cemented carbide by CVD method (k kind of cemented carbide) or 1~25μm Diamond-like carbon films deposited on a ceramic substrate layer, no cleavage surface of isotropic. Figure 3 (b). Thin film coating tool hardness approximately 9800~10000HV. High thermal conductivity, thermal conductivity at room temperature as much as 2000W · m-1 · K-1, thermal conductivity only cemented 80~100m-1 · K-1。 CVD diamond coated tool on any complex shapes, the vast majority of this can be PCD cannot have significant advantages.
Cubic Boron Nitride (PCBN) tool
Cubic nitride boron (PCBN) is following artificial synthesis diamond zhihou appears of second species inorganic super hard material, its hardness slightly times Yu diamond, hot stability good, heat sexual can reached 1400~1500du, than diamond of heat sexual (700~800du) almost high 1 time times. cubic nitride boron (PCBN) tool main for processing various ferrous metals and alloy material; most for Yu various quenching hard steel (carbon pigment tools steel bearing steel die steel high speed steel) Pearlite ash mouth certain (vanadium titanium cast iron) Chilled cast iron high temperature alloy (nickel base alloy cobalt base alloy) plus the surface spray heap welding of processing. has using long term, reduced for knife number, compensation downtime by spent of their time, makes NC machine and Automation brand of efficient can tend to be stuffed with play, can alter traditional of machinery processing way (is quenching Qian with tool roughing and quenching Hou with wheel fine processing of method), to can in the Taiwan NC machine for quenching Qian quenching Hou of turning processing (to car generation mill), has is great of statistics.
Vines for diamond peak, that's this characteristics:
(1) spike shows we have a diamond.
(2) the wave amplitude (FWHM) 4.1cm-1
Seems as a pure diamond. ND may be the hardest known mineral substances, mainly employed in the preparation of Cutter tool. Following your fine grinding of natural diamond cutter edge radius as high as 0.01~0.002μm. Natural single crystal diamond (Single Crystalline Diamond,SCD) technologically advanced part of the tool power 1500 times times but nevertheless towards the edge smooth. SCD turning of aluminum piston Ra can reach 4μm, and beneath same cutting conditions using PCD tool when machining the outer lining roughness of Ra for 15~50μm. SCD tool joined with precision and ultraprecision machining precision lathe, mirror surface can be obtained.
Polycrystalline diamond (PCD) tool
PCD adopted under conditions of heat and super high pressure cobalt gathered metal bond diamond powder sintered polycrystalline materials synthesis, also known as sintered diamond. Whole sintering of polycrystalline diamond tool cutter, milling, grain is often a random arrangement of PCD are isotropic, uniform hardness, graphitization temperature of 550 ° c. Tool with high hardness, high thermal conductivity, low thermal expansion coefficient, low coefficient of friction and high coefficient of elasticity. Blade is very sharp and so on.
Artificial polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) tool
To reinforce PCD blade toughness and weldability, PCD and carbide knives made from artificial polycrystalline diamond composite Blade (PDc). Cemented carbide substrate with pressed 0.5~1mm thick layer on its surface formed by sintering PCD. Flexural strength of composite blades with carbide, hardness near to PCD, can be an alternative to PCD. PCD and artificial polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) tool for sharp edges and processing with the workpiece surface quality than ND. While doing so their poor machinability, grinding than small, difficult under some of the geometric model of the. Currently using artificial polycrystalline diamond composite preparation tool could only still cannot be made indexable blade with chip breaker grooves and complex 3d surface geometry milling cutters.
CVD diamond thick film (TDF) welding tool
Welding of diamond thick film cutting tools are great CVD diamond thick film laser cut welded on the substrate (typically cemented carbide to the k class), occurance of PDC and polishing compound, welded to the body with the second time, grinding into the required shape and leading edge. Figure 3 (a) below, and CVD diamond thick films (diamond-like carbon film thickness up to 30μm), rich in hardness, wear resistance, low friction characteristics, is right material for cutting non-ferrous metal and non-metal tool manufacturing. Because of diamond welding technology complex, CVD diamond thick film (TDF) welding tool will never be high-volume applications.
Diamond coated cutting tools
Diamond-coated tools are directly within the cemented carbide by CVD method (k kind of cemented carbide) or 1~25μm Diamond-like carbon films deposited on a ceramic substrate layer, no cleavage surface of isotropic. Figure 3 (b). Thin film coating tool hardness approximately 9800~10000HV. High thermal conductivity, thermal conductivity at room temperature as much as 2000W · m-1 · K-1, thermal conductivity only cemented 80~100m-1 · K-1。 CVD diamond coated tool on any complex shapes, the vast majority of this can be PCD cannot have significant advantages.
Cubic Boron Nitride (PCBN) tool
Cubic nitride boron (PCBN) is following artificial synthesis diamond zhihou appears of second species inorganic super hard material, its hardness slightly times Yu diamond, hot stability good, heat sexual can reached 1400~1500du, than diamond of heat sexual (700~800du) almost high 1 time times. cubic nitride boron (PCBN) tool main for processing various ferrous metals and alloy material; most for Yu various quenching hard steel (carbon pigment tools steel bearing steel die steel high speed steel) Pearlite ash mouth certain (vanadium titanium cast iron) Chilled cast iron high temperature alloy (nickel base alloy cobalt base alloy) plus the surface spray heap welding of processing. has using long term, reduced for knife number, compensation downtime by spent of their time, makes NC machine and Automation brand of efficient can tend to be stuffed with play, can alter traditional of machinery processing way (is quenching Qian with tool roughing and quenching Hou with wheel fine processing of method), to can in the Taiwan NC machine for quenching Qian quenching Hou of turning processing (to car generation mill), has is great of statistics.
Factors influencing the products diamond circular saw blade
First, cutting parameters
(1) saw blade speeds: in practice, diamond saw blades equipment condition, line speed of saw blades and cutting quality qieshi limits of nature. In the best saw blades and cutting efficiency, service life, really should be selected based on the different nature on the stone saw line speed. When sawing granite, saw line speed may be selected within the 25m~35m/s range. High silica content is tough for sawing of granite, remove saw line posted speed limit. In the time output of granite tile, make use of a smaller diameter diamond circular saw blade, line speeds can reach 35m/s.
(2) feed speed: feed speed stone by cutting feed rate. Effect of cutting rates, how big is saw blade sawing aspects of stress and warm. Its value really should be selected based on the nature of stone by cutting. Normally, cutting soft stone for example marble, might be appropriate to enhance the speed of feed, feed speed is not high enough, more conducive to helping the cutting rate. Cutting granite of thin grain structure, homogeneous, could be appropriate to boost the speed of feed, feed speed is not high enough, diamond blade can easily be even. Cutting coarse grain structure of soft and hard granite which is not all, should reduce entry speed, otherwise it will lead diamond saw blade vibration a result of fragmentation reducing the rate of cutting. Feeding speed of sawing of granite from the 9m~12m/min range selected.
(3) cutting depth: wear of diamond cutting depth is involved, effective cutting, sawing stone saw blade force and nature of important parameters. Generally speaking, if a distinct diamond circular saw blades speed is high, should select the small depth of cut elimination, from current technology, depth of the cutting diamond can be selected among 1mm~10MM. Usually having a large diameter saw blade when cutting granite block, involving the cutting depth could be controlled in 1mm~2mm, at the same time reducing approach speed. When the line speed will be the larger of diamond buzz saw blade, cutting depth really should be selected. But when sawing machine performance as well as the strength in the tool inside the scope of the license, make an attempt to look at a more substantial concentration cut cutting to enhance cutting efficiency. When on the surface when there is a requirement, you should use small depth of cut.
Second, other influencing factors
(1) diamonds size: common inside the scope of diamond grain size in 30/35~60/80. Firm, strongly advised to choose a smaller size. Because under conditions of equal pressure, sharp diamonds as small as possible, to slice into solid rock. Additionally, generally requires high cutting efficiency of large-diameter saw blade should pick a coarser granularity; inefficient sawing small diameter saw blade, require rock cutting section smooth, utilize a finer granularity.
(2) power of Cutter: the so-called diamond concentration, refers back to the diamond within the density matrix within the distribution. Raises the power of diamond is predicted to supply lifespan of saw blade, with the increased concentration which reduces the average force of diamond. But increasing depth must enhance the costs in the saw blade, so you will find there's concentration of most economic, Cheng cutting rate increase and the concentration increases.
(3) the hardness with the knife head bond: in the main, bond hardness higher, its greater resistance to abrasion. Therefore, while you are cutting abrasive rocks, bond hardness should be high; in the event the saw when cutting material of soft rock, bond hardness must be low when cutting in the event the abrasive and hard rock, bond hardness needs to be moderate. (4) effect and temperature effect and ground damage: strategy of diamond circular saw blades in cutting stone, undergo centrifugal forces, for example sawing, sawing qiere alternating loads.
(1) saw blade speeds: in practice, diamond saw blades equipment condition, line speed of saw blades and cutting quality qieshi limits of nature. In the best saw blades and cutting efficiency, service life, really should be selected based on the different nature on the stone saw line speed. When sawing granite, saw line speed may be selected within the 25m~35m/s range. High silica content is tough for sawing of granite, remove saw line posted speed limit. In the time output of granite tile, make use of a smaller diameter diamond circular saw blade, line speeds can reach 35m/s.
(2) feed speed: feed speed stone by cutting feed rate. Effect of cutting rates, how big is saw blade sawing aspects of stress and warm. Its value really should be selected based on the nature of stone by cutting. Normally, cutting soft stone for example marble, might be appropriate to enhance the speed of feed, feed speed is not high enough, more conducive to helping the cutting rate. Cutting granite of thin grain structure, homogeneous, could be appropriate to boost the speed of feed, feed speed is not high enough, diamond blade can easily be even. Cutting coarse grain structure of soft and hard granite which is not all, should reduce entry speed, otherwise it will lead diamond saw blade vibration a result of fragmentation reducing the rate of cutting. Feeding speed of sawing of granite from the 9m~12m/min range selected.
(3) cutting depth: wear of diamond cutting depth is involved, effective cutting, sawing stone saw blade force and nature of important parameters. Generally speaking, if a distinct diamond circular saw blades speed is high, should select the small depth of cut elimination, from current technology, depth of the cutting diamond can be selected among 1mm~10MM. Usually having a large diameter saw blade when cutting granite block, involving the cutting depth could be controlled in 1mm~2mm, at the same time reducing approach speed. When the line speed will be the larger of diamond buzz saw blade, cutting depth really should be selected. But when sawing machine performance as well as the strength in the tool inside the scope of the license, make an attempt to look at a more substantial concentration cut cutting to enhance cutting efficiency. When on the surface when there is a requirement, you should use small depth of cut.
Second, other influencing factors
(1) diamonds size: common inside the scope of diamond grain size in 30/35~60/80. Firm, strongly advised to choose a smaller size. Because under conditions of equal pressure, sharp diamonds as small as possible, to slice into solid rock. Additionally, generally requires high cutting efficiency of large-diameter saw blade should pick a coarser granularity; inefficient sawing small diameter saw blade, require rock cutting section smooth, utilize a finer granularity.
(2) power of Cutter: the so-called diamond concentration, refers back to the diamond within the density matrix within the distribution. Raises the power of diamond is predicted to supply lifespan of saw blade, with the increased concentration which reduces the average force of diamond. But increasing depth must enhance the costs in the saw blade, so you will find there's concentration of most economic, Cheng cutting rate increase and the concentration increases.
(3) the hardness with the knife head bond: in the main, bond hardness higher, its greater resistance to abrasion. Therefore, while you are cutting abrasive rocks, bond hardness should be high; in the event the saw when cutting material of soft rock, bond hardness must be low when cutting in the event the abrasive and hard rock, bond hardness needs to be moderate. (4) effect and temperature effect and ground damage: strategy of diamond circular saw blades in cutting stone, undergo centrifugal forces, for example sawing, sawing qiere alternating loads.
Diamond saw blades for cutting knowledge
1, idle specially when new substrates for once, ought to idle for approximately thirty minutes, still should be mixed with water in summer months racing, whose purpose would be to further the Excretion of welding head, the influence of substrate, and reinforced blade in high speed spinning under its inherent quality of memory.
2, material should not be under 0.5m3, place and secure, bottom mat wood, solid-solid prison block should be situated on the symmetrical position of the table, in order that the task and material stability, without swaying, shaking.
3, good block length, width and height adjustment limit switch, blade lifting and skip the holiday to the extent of reliable and effective. Prior to the cutting saw blade should leave the barricade to 10~20mm. After cutting, saw from your block should be left towards the bottom 20-40mm, saw blade holder before you run around, saw all the exit block saws, distance must not be below 150-200mm, to avoid the saw blade impact material.
4, try cutting the saw blade idling steady until, starting if the blade with the saw blade is just not allowed experience of the fabric saw blade, cutting the stop saw blade rotation isn't allowed, must exit the bite should be stopped.
5, cutting if found when moving should immediately stop cutting the information, material fastened has to be continued to figure, cutting, usually are not allowed to move any material.
6, found when cutting saws less complicated slower and also clip knife, the belt could possibly be slipping, the nut is loose or eating knife depth overmuch speed too fast, take the knife and other reasons, needs to be adjusted regularly.
7, line speeds should adapt and processing stone hardness and wear resistance, recommends selecting linear speed cutting various kinds of stone inside the following table.
Tip: underneath the condition with the line speed just isn't high, increasing cutting efficiency, will lessen the lifetime of saw blade.
8, and into knife speed, main depends on processing material of performance, on each species material Dang cut deep must Shi has must variety of into knife speed, if speed high, is will makes diamond speed wear make up, caused saw tablets consumption had fast, if speed low, is and will makes saw tablets since sharp process cannot normal for, to "mill blunt, and skid" lost cutting ability. Under normal circumstances, feed rate plunge to slow when, during cutting must be even, for typical materials of common, when deeply 20mm, recommended this feed rate tables for ones reference, when thickness change, cutting speed is usually cutting area (cm2/min) to convert.
Tip: first entry or flat triple before walking should be cut in half.
Common material saw blade feeding speed: mm/MI
9, and cutting depth for medium hardness of stone as marble, and limestone can once cover, for hard stone as well as the grinding sexual large of as granite, and sandstone should min step cutting, single tablets saw cutting granite, eat knife depth General for 10-20mm, cutting marble eat knife depth for 50-100mm, more tablets double cutting hard granite, each eat knife depth for 3-5mm, should under stone of hardness, using of saw tablets and saw machine performance and will, recommended following efficiency table in your case reference.
10, saw blade rotation direction plus the stone to the same direction as along cut and or viceversa for reverse cutting, and reverse cutting, due to an upward vertical force, forming explode stone campaign, therefore, is really a solid stone, underneath the same conditions, must be adopted as much as possible along the cutting. Whenever you reverse cutting, cutting depth to decrease General reduced to Shun cutting 1/3-1/2.
11, and above, select cutting technology of simple requirements is: on hardness low, cutting performance good of stone, can deep slow, instead shallow cut fast go, is on same stone plus the corresponding of saw machine and saw tablets, should to cutting efficiency high, cut Board quality good, saw tablets and matrix extremely deep seated of technology parameter for quasi, four who complement 1 another, lips, mustn't taking. Once the saw blade when cutting speed is not going to keep, explains saw blade grinding blunt, slow up the cutting depth increases cutting speed for grinding and sharpening saws.
2, material should not be under 0.5m3, place and secure, bottom mat wood, solid-solid prison block should be situated on the symmetrical position of the table, in order that the task and material stability, without swaying, shaking.
3, good block length, width and height adjustment limit switch, blade lifting and skip the holiday to the extent of reliable and effective. Prior to the cutting saw blade should leave the barricade to 10~20mm. After cutting, saw from your block should be left towards the bottom 20-40mm, saw blade holder before you run around, saw all the exit block saws, distance must not be below 150-200mm, to avoid the saw blade impact material.
4, try cutting the saw blade idling steady until, starting if the blade with the saw blade is just not allowed experience of the fabric saw blade, cutting the stop saw blade rotation isn't allowed, must exit the bite should be stopped.
5, cutting if found when moving should immediately stop cutting the information, material fastened has to be continued to figure, cutting, usually are not allowed to move any material.
6, found when cutting saws less complicated slower and also clip knife, the belt could possibly be slipping, the nut is loose or eating knife depth overmuch speed too fast, take the knife and other reasons, needs to be adjusted regularly.
7, line speeds should adapt and processing stone hardness and wear resistance, recommends selecting linear speed cutting various kinds of stone inside the following table.
Tip: underneath the condition with the line speed just isn't high, increasing cutting efficiency, will lessen the lifetime of saw blade.
8, and into knife speed, main depends on processing material of performance, on each species material Dang cut deep must Shi has must variety of into knife speed, if speed high, is will makes diamond speed wear make up, caused saw tablets consumption had fast, if speed low, is and will makes saw tablets since sharp process cannot normal for, to "mill blunt, and skid" lost cutting ability. Under normal circumstances, feed rate plunge to slow when, during cutting must be even, for typical materials of common, when deeply 20mm, recommended this feed rate tables for ones reference, when thickness change, cutting speed is usually cutting area (cm2/min) to convert.
Tip: first entry or flat triple before walking should be cut in half.
Common material saw blade feeding speed: mm/MI
9, and cutting depth for medium hardness of stone as marble, and limestone can once cover, for hard stone as well as the grinding sexual large of as granite, and sandstone should min step cutting, single tablets saw cutting granite, eat knife depth General for 10-20mm, cutting marble eat knife depth for 50-100mm, more tablets double cutting hard granite, each eat knife depth for 3-5mm, should under stone of hardness, using of saw tablets and saw machine performance and will, recommended following efficiency table in your case reference.
10, saw blade rotation direction plus the stone to the same direction as along cut and or viceversa for reverse cutting, and reverse cutting, due to an upward vertical force, forming explode stone campaign, therefore, is really a solid stone, underneath the same conditions, must be adopted as much as possible along the cutting. Whenever you reverse cutting, cutting depth to decrease General reduced to Shun cutting 1/3-1/2.
11, and above, select cutting technology of simple requirements is: on hardness low, cutting performance good of stone, can deep slow, instead shallow cut fast go, is on same stone plus the corresponding of saw machine and saw tablets, should to cutting efficiency high, cut Board quality good, saw tablets and matrix extremely deep seated of technology parameter for quasi, four who complement 1 another, lips, mustn't taking. Once the saw blade when cutting speed is not going to keep, explains saw blade grinding blunt, slow up the cutting depth increases cutting speed for grinding and sharpening saws.
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